Facets of Consumer Behavioral Decision Commodities and Services

Question: Depict about the Facets of Consumer Behavioral Decision for Commodities and Services. Answer: Presentation: Shopper conduct is the way wherein an individual or gathering of individual chooses to buy, utilize or arrange any thoughts, items and administrations. It additionally alludes to the elements that influence the buying choice of a customer (Solomon, 2014). It is of most extreme significance for any organization to comprehend the definite conduct of its buyers so as to amplify their deals. The buying choice of any customer mostly relies upon 4 wide factors in particular, Psychological factor, innovative components, social and situational factors. The mental and situational factors buyers scan for data and acknowledgment of the items. The social and mechanical elements influence the segment of buying and post-buying assessment made by the customer (Bruner Pomazal, 2013). Through this report a point by point examination of every one of these parts has been led to see the manner by which every one of these segments are between connected. The buyers make the interest for any merchandise and ventures and from now on any organization attempting to exceed expectations in business keeps a point by point data about customer conduct. Buyers Purchasing Decision Process: Buyers have a few ex-risk and ex-post perspectives in buying process. A portion of the perspectives can be outwardly watched though others are not watched outwardly however can be examined in the wake of contemplating the purchasers brain science (Gao et al., 2012). The procedure of this buying choice has been graphically and logically spoke to beneath: Issue of Recognition: The as a matter of first importance part considered by any purchaser before buying any merchandise or administrations is to distinguish the utility that they can get from their buy. While attempting to comprehend the conceivable advantage the client may get, they frequently faces acknowledgment issue. The buyer ought to from the start have the option to perceive the need of buying an item and the open door that they may swear off without the item. Regularly the utility of specific items stays unrecognized (Gao et al., 2012). Accessibility and openness of Information: A sound buyer consistently attempts to assemble the greatest data conceivable about the product that they intend to buy. They can have two wellsprings of gathering data. The inner source which relies upon customers past experience and outer source which relies upon data got from business sectors, family members and companions (Di Pietro Pantano, 2012). Choices Available: The interest for any items and administrations consistently rely upon the options accessible in the market. In the event that there are umpteen quantities of options in the market for a similar item then the shopper needs to consider the utilities that he may get from the various choices alongside the open door cost brought about in all the cases. Normally the shopper purchases the item or administration that amplifies his chance and limits his cost (Chang et al., 2014). Buy choice: The penultimate crossroads of the monetary movement is the buying stage. Shopper guided by their judiciousness experiences all the previously mentioned stages and goes to the end of purchasing any ware. In any event, during this stage the purchaser may adjust his perspective out of nowhere. These adjustments in choices are guided by input as posted in the companys site which sells the item. Negative input or critical data from family members and companions can change the purchasing choice eve at the last possible second (Di Pietro Pantano, 2012). Ex-post buy choice: Each client buys the item with some pre-characterized desires. Disappointment of the item to meet clients desire may hamper future offer of the item from that organization. The client may give poor audits about the item on companys site or via web-based networking media. Unsatisfied client may likewise impact their family members and companions who could some way or another be an expected client (Chang et al., 2014). Elements affecting Buying Process: Umpteen number of components impact the dynamic procedure of any exchange. They can be comprehensively grouped under 4 classes. The accompanying graphical picture clarifies the classes: Mental Factors: Procedure creator of business has had the option to productively use the various components which impact the shoppers. Buying choice of a purchaser relies significantly on the people groups brain research (Solomon, Russel-Bennett Previte, 2012). This part can again be additionally separated into hardly any sub-classifications to be specific: Observation: Customer has the propensity for gathering and synchronizing all the accessible data about some random item. The likelihood of buying increments when customer feels that there is sufficient data about the item and it bears less hazard (Solomon, Russel-Bennett Previte, 2012). Inspiration: Ordinary citizens are typically chance loath and their purchasing choice relies upon the wellbeing issues related with the items. It is frequently seen that customers are prepared to pay a greater expense if a specific item is more secure than its other options. E.g.: Organic nourishments are liked to non-natural nourishments. Psychographics Attitudes: Purchasers are typically enthralled by vivid appealing notices. Business procedures regularly use item separation to drift their items pull in the focused on clients. They publicize based on buyers way of life, character characteristics and mentalities (Collier et al., 2015). E.g.: Pizza Huts deal took off up high after it permitted customization of Pizza by means of online request. Learning: Customers frequently continue refreshing themselves about the accessibility of different items and plans to buy novel items. Subsequently, the organizations require improving their item portfolio to continue drawing in shoppers. E.g.: People subsequent to joining all data switches over various online shops like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal, and so on. Situational Factors: Ex-bet purchasing choice is incredibly affected by situational factor which has been regularly disregarded by the system producers till late occasions. The physical encompassing, disposition of the purchaser and the time are the situational factors (Collier et al., 2015). Physical encompassing: Purchasers want to buy merchandise and enterprises from shops and focuses that are in nearness of their habitation. In the event that a firm can find its outlets in thickly populated open spots, at that point the extent of their items deal increments. State of mind and Time: Time is the factor which remains clandestinely in any exchange. Buyers want to limit their time in any physical exchange and anticipates that things should be conveyed inside time if there should arise an occurrence of online exchanges. Buying choices are additionally clouted by people groups mind-sets (Shah, 2013). Their inclination frequently demonstrates silly changes which should be anticipated by the organizations and provide food them likewise. E.g.: People hate to remain in long lines and postponed administrations from web based shopping entries. Social Factors: People, being a social creature will in general be influenced in their choice procedure by the social components. This factor incorporates segments like family, families, reference gatherings and societies (Kuan, Zhong Chau, 2014). The effects of these segments are talked about underneath: Reference gatherings: Individuals are passionate creatures and they frequently act unreasonably subsequent to being impacted. They tends to follow the things that their venerated images to. Their venerated images can be a celebrity, a player, any seniors and even relatives. They are the ones who frequently set a model which is trailed by the purchasers. E.g.: Bollywood star Salman Khan is the brand represetative of Thumbs Up, a soda pop organization. An enormous mass of his supporters drink Thumbs Up as Mr. Khan is seen drinking the equivalent in an ad. Family Household: Obvious utilization happens when individuals are impacted by their relatives and family members. It has been seen that in the event that any part possesses something, at that point there is inclination of other relatives to buy the equivalent so as to keep up status and strut themselves (Xiao Nicholson, 2013). E.g.: People regularly purchases recently propelled mobiles state iPhones, since its previously been bought by any relative or companion. Social impact: Sub-culture and Culture assumes an essential job in controlling people groups conduct. Worldwide buyers will in general buy items that are broadly utilized in different nations. They will in general move out of their customary decisions and acknowledge outside societies. Religions structure a significant piece of sub-social part alongside the land factors. A firm should set its showcasing methodologies in a manner which joins these social and sub-social perspectives (Kuan, Zhong Chau, 2014). Mechanical Factors: Worldwide economy is incapacitated without the exceptionally productive mechanical framework. The innovative elements incorporates access to the web, capacities of people to look and locate the ideal items, the capability of the clients to assess the items on the web and the post buy reaction given by them. The makers or technique creators ought to have the option to break down these components from purchasers perspective so as to prevail in their business (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). They ought to give the purchasers an appealing yet instructive site which gives point by point data initially and constrains the purchaser to experience the distinctive site pages. E.g.: The clients these days purchase items online in this way sparing time. End: The worldwide customers can be extensively classified into two gatherings, to be specific incautious purchasers and high-association purchasers. Hasty purchasers alter their perspective every now and again and buys impromptu merchandise though high reaction purchasers primarily direct their buying procedure after point by point investigation of the market. Incautious purchasers basically buys little products like chocolates, dresses, extras, and so forth. High reaction purchasing includes extravagance products like vehicles, jew

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe Geoarchaeologists taking a shot at the shoreline of the North Sea of Britain at Pakefield in Suffolk, England have found curios recommending that our human progenitor Homo erectus showed up in northern Europe a lot sooner than recently suspected. Homo Erectus in England As per an article distributed in Nature on December 15, 2005, a universal group drove by Simon Parfitt of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain (AHOB) venture has found 32 bits of dark stone debitage, including a center and corrected piece, in alluvial silt dated to around 700,000 years back. These antiquities speak to the flotsam and jetsam made by flintknapping, the production of a stone device, potentially for butchering purposes. The rock chips were recouped from four separate places inside the channel fill stores of a stream bed which in-filled during the between icy time of the Early Pleistocene. This implies the antiquities were what archeologists get out of essential setting. As such, fill in stream channels originates from soils moved downstream from different spots. The occupation site-the site where the flintknapping occurred might be only somewhat upstream, or a serious ways upstream, or may, truth be told, have been totally decimated by developments of the stream bed . In any case, the area of the relics in this old channel bed means that the curios must be at any rate as old as the channel fill; or, as per scientists, in any event 700,000 years prior. The Oldest Homo Erectus The most established known Homo erectus site outside of Africa is Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia, dated to roughly 1.6 million years prior. Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca valley of Spain incorporates proof of Homo erectus at 780,000 years prior. Be that as it may, the most punctual known Homo erectus site in England before the disclosures at Pakefield is Boxgrove, just 500,000 years of age. The Artifacts The ancient rarity gathering, or rather arrays since they were in four separate zones, incorporate a center part with a few hard-hammer percussion drops expelled from it and a modified piece. A center section is the term utilized by archeologists to mean the first hunk of stone from which pieces were expelled. Hard sledge implies the flintknappers utilized a stone to hit against the center to get flattish, sharp-edged chips called pieces. Drops created thusly might be utilized as apparatuses, and a corrected chip is a piece that shows proof of this utilization. The remainder of the ancient rarities are unretouched chips. The device collection is presumably not Acheulean, which incorporates handaxes, yet is described in the article as Mode 1. Mode 1 is an old, straightforward innovation of pieces, stone devices, and choppers made with hard mallet percussion. Suggestions Since at the time England was associated with Eurasia by a land connect, the Pakefield ancient rarities dont suggest that Homo erectus required pontoons to get toward the North Sea coastline. Neither does it infer that Homo erectus began in Europe; the most established Homo erectus are found at Koobi Fora, in Kenya, where a long history of prior hominin precursors is additionally known. Curiously, the relics from the Pakefield site likewise don't infer that Homo erectus adjusted to a cooler, chillier atmosphere; during the timeframe in which the curios were stored, the atmosphere in Suffolk was more pleasant, closer to the Mediterranean atmosphere customarily considered the atmosphere of decision for Homo erectus. Homo erectus or heidelbergensis? The Nature article simply says early man, alluding to either Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis. Essentially, H. heidelbergensis is still extremely cryptic, however might be a transitional stage between H. erectus and present day people or a different animal categories. There are no primate stays recouped from Pakefield starting at yet, so the individuals who inhabited Pakefield may have been it is possible that one. Assets and Further Reading Parfitt, Simon L. The most punctual record of human action in northern Europe. Nature 438, Ren㠩 W. Barendregt, Marzia Breda, et al., Nature, December 14, 2005. Roebroeks, Wil. Life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 438, Nature, December 14, 2005. An unsigned article in British Archeology titled Hunting for the principal people in Britain and dated 2003 portrays crafted by AHOB. The December 2005 issue of British Archeology has an article on the discoveries. On account of individuals from BritArch for their increases.

Good to Know Why Companies Really Hire Consultants

Good to Know Why Companies Really Hire Consultants The other day, I was having a conversation with a friend of mine named Morgan. Morgan owns a firm that specializes in provision of IT services to corporates. Due to an increasingly competitive marketplace, Morgan had been forced to bring down his rates in order to retain clients, but this ate into his profits.The firm was barely surviving.At his wits end, Morgan decided to bring in consultants to help him figure out how to return the firm to profitability. After examining the firm’s operations and marketing strategy, the consultants recommended operational changes that helped reduce costs.They also recommended a new marketing strategy that helped the firm attract clients while charging a higher fee than most competitors. In the long run, Morgan’s firm was able to return to profitability. The conversation with Morgan got me thinking about the importance of consultants to companies.Consulting has become ubiquitous in almost every industry. SMEs in the UK spend about £60 billion pe r year on average, while companies in the United States spent $58.7 billion on consulting in 2016. The figure in the United States represented a 7.1% increase from the previous years, which points to a likelihood that expenditure on consulting will continue increasing.Despite this, the use of consultants remains controversial. Hiring consultants is essentially paying third parties to come into your organization, try to understand your operations and then come up with strategies on how you can further improve on what you are already doing.This brings about an important question: why leave such an important element of your organization to third parties? Why would these outsiders be better at strategizing for your organization than your in-house employees who already know the business inside out?Sometimes, hiring consultants has been compared to giving someone your watch so that they can tell you the time and then paying them top dollar for telling you the time.Because of this, many bu sinesses and organizations struggle with the decision of whether to hire a consultant or not. Should your business spend money on consultants? Do they add any value to your business? To make it easier for you to make this decision, let us take a look at some of the top reasons why companies really hire consultants. TO BRING IN EXPERTISERunning a business is a very dynamic experience. Very often, businesses will come across situations they have never had to deal with before, such as launching a new product, entering new markets, merging with another company, and so on.These situations are very critical, and might put the whole business at risk if poorly managed. At the same time, these situations require specialized skill sets that the company might not have access to in house. It is next to impossible for a company to have on staff all the expertise needed to successfully navigate unfamiliar situations.To navigate such situations, a company might turn to consultants to bring in the expertise and specialized skill set required to properly handle these situations. Consultants often specialize in specific niches.They will have handled similar situations a couple dozen times. They know what to do, the potential pitfalls to avoid in order to minimize risk, and they have a track record that speaks for itself.By bringing in consultants, companies have a way to fill in any talent gaps on demand whenever they need it. Once the challenging situation has been successfully navigated, the company can then let go of the consultants without having to worry about any continued costs.TO GAIN EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVERemember writing essays back in school? After writing the essay, you typically went through it a couple of times in a bid to find and correct any mistakes before submission. Here’s the funny thing. Even after proof-reading your essay several times, asking a friend to go through your essay one time would reveal some glaring mistakes that you had missed all through. In this case, it takes a fresh pair of eyes to find obvious mistakes you might have missed. The same happens in business.Since you are too close to your company, you might become blind to obvious mistakes that an outsider can easily spot. This is especially true for small to mid-size companies where the management and owners are too attached to the company since they have invested a lot of their time, resources and energy into the company.The only difference is that while an error in your essay may lead to a low score, mistakes in your business can have very significant consequences.To avoid missing the obvious because of their attachment, senior management might decide to bring in a fresh pair of eyes to provide an external perspective of the business.Since consultants have no emotional connection to the company, it is easier for them to spot and call out the issues that might be holding the company back, especially if these issues arise from an error of judgment on the part of the co mpany’s management.In addition, it is easier for outsiders to question how things are done. In many situations, in house staff may be reluctant to point out problems because they are afraid that it will be equated to causing trouble and lead to their dismissal.This creates an environment where staff may be aware of problems but opt not to address them, leaving the problem to escalate. Since consultants are not worried about being labelled as trouble-makers, they are more likely to question assumptions and call out strategies that don’t seem to be working.TO BENEFIT FROM EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDUSTRYConsultants often have extensive experience and knowledge about their respective industries. They have worked with several companies within this industry, studied and implemented different strategies and are aware of everything there is to know about the industry. They might even have worked with your competitors and are aware of the strategies they are using.They have seen what works and what does not. By bringing consultants in, you get the chance to tap in into their extensive knowledge and experience and get recommendations that can help your company to easily outsmart your competitors.TO SUPPLEMENT STAFFIn some cases, a company might be aware of the problems it is facing and what it needs to do to resolve the problem. Unfortunately, the company’s staff might be tied up in other important tasks that cannot be placed on the back-burner.Most likely, the available staff will be needed to focus on their day-to-day operations and other tasks that maintain the cash flow of the company. They cannot simply be transferred to the new task. In this case, it makes sense for businesses to hire consultants to supplement their staff.Why not hire additional staff instead? The problem is that hiring full-time staff is an expensive affair. With full-time employees, you have to factor in the costs of salaries and other benefits, onboarding and training, advertising for the open positions and other recruiting expenses, employment taxes, space needs, equipment, and other costs associated with management of employees. While a consultants fees are typically hire than an employee’s salary, hiring a full-time employee is more expensive in the long run. In addition, most projects that require a company to hire consultants are one-off projects lasting just a few weeks or months. If you hire full-time employees, you might not have enough work to keep them busy once the project is done, yet you have to continue paying their salaries and benefits.Hiring consultants also allows you to get value for your money. In the case of full-time employees, their remuneration is not directly linked to their performance. Once you hire a full-time employee, you have to pay their monthly salary regardless of how they perform on the job.With consultants, you have the option of discussing deliverables and performance metrics, such that you only pay once these deliverables and metrics are met. Hiring consultants is a way of ensuring that you get your money’s worth. In addition, hiring consultants is more efficient on your time.According to a report shared on Glassdoor, it takes an average of 23.7 days to make a hiring decision.This does not even factor in the tie taken to onboard and train the new employees. Consultants, on the other hand, are used to switching around companies and are therefore used to faster learning curves. Because of all this, companies might opt to hire consultants to supplement their staff temporarily instead of hiring full-time employees.TO BRING ABOUT CHANGEHiring consultants can also be a great way of bringing about change within a company. People don’t like change, both in their personal and professional lives.Bringing about change in an entire organization is particularly difficult. Before implementing change, the organization’s management have to consider things such as employee morale, corporate culture of the organ ization and so on. This can make it quite challenging to implement the change. In such situations, it might be wise to hire consultants to implement the change.Consultants are good at implementing change for a number of reasons. Since they are outsiders, they don’t know about and are not afraid of impacting the corporate culture. In addition, consultants do not suffer from status quo bias, which is the tendency of people to want things to remain the same, thus making it difficult for them to see things beyond their current paradigm.People within the companies are subject to this bias because they have gotten used to established ways of doing things. In this case, it might be difficult for them to realize that their current practices might be to blame for their current problems. Since these practices worked for the company before, they keep implementing the same practices even if the changing times demand new practices.There is a story about a company that used to deliver goods thr ee days a week, on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. On the remaining days, the company’s lorries sat idly in the garage, despite the fact that there were delivery runs to be made. A newly employed manager thought that this was very inefficient, and he set out to find out the reason behind this delivery schedule. His first inquiry was met with a very common and popular answer: we’ve always done it that way.Not satisfied, he inquired further.In the end, he discovered that having been started a century ago, there were no automobiles, therefore the company used to make deliveries using horse carriages. Since the horses had to rest, it was decided that deliveries would be made three times a week so that the horses could rest in between deliveries. The same schedule was adopted even after the company switched to lorries. Can you imagine that?Just like the new manager, consultants do not have the status quo bias. They are not predisposed to using the same outdated practices because that i s the way things have always been done. They don’t have qualms about questioning the thinking behind established practices. This makes them great catalysts for change.In addition, companies might be afraid of change because suggested changes are untested, therefore there is some concern that they might not be successful. Consultants, on the other hand, might have tested these ideas on another company and confirmed their effectiveness, therefore making it easier for them to implement the changes with full confidence that the changes will actually be effective.TO PROVIDE OBJECTIVITYVery often, business decisions are usually influenced by emotions and office politics. This is not a huge problem for normal, day to day decisions. However, businesses cannot afford to have serious decisions that affect the future of the company influenced by petty things like office politics.For instance, an employee might keep their concerns to themselves even when they think the wrong decision is being made because they are afraid that their boss will take credit for their ideas, or simply because they don’t like their boss.This leads to decisions being made irrationally and without critical input.   In this case, hiring consultants is a great way of providing much needed objectivity when making decisions. Consultants do not care about office politics, allowing them to make rational, independent and critical decisions.Additionally, the objectivity provided by consultants can help save companies from something known as the sunk cost fallacy. Sometimes, companies might opt to continue investing in non-profitable projects even though it is almost certain that the best decision is to stop the project in order to prevent further losses.The typical justification for this is that since significant resources have already been invested in the project, the company should try and recoup the investment before ending the project. In many cases, this only leads to more losses. In such cases, consultants can objectively evaluate the project and help the company make decision to cut further losses by ending such a project.TO DO THE DIRTY WORKThis is closely related to the previous reason. Running a businesses is not easy, and sometimes, business executives are forced to make some necessary yet unpopular decisions. For instance, in a bid to cut costs, a manager might need to lay off some staff, to eliminate a product line or do away with an entire department.Making such decisions can be challenging. Would you be comfortable knowing that because of a decision you made, 20 people you know personally are not going to have a source of income? At the same time, such decisions have to be made for the sake of the company. In such scenarios, a company can bring in consultants as ‘mercenaries’ to do the dirty work. The CEO or management can distance itself from the unpopular decision by using the consultants as the scape goat.TO PROVIDE VALIDATIONSometimes, companies have an i dea of what they want to do or the direction they want to take, but they are not very sure whether it is the best course of action. In such cases, the company might need someone to look at their intended course of action and give it a stamp of approval. Consultants might come in to provide this validation. To make this easier to understand, let us use an illustration.Assume that you want to start exercising so that you can take part in next year’s marathon. While you know what you want to do, you might still see a doctor to confirm that your body can handle the vigorous exercise associated with training for a marathon. This is what a consultant does. Like the doctor, they confirm whether what you want to do is actually good for the company.The validation from consultants can also come in handy if you want to raise resources from third parties.For instance, if you are preparing a business plan with the aim of using it to secure funding, the bank might ask you to hire consultants to proof-test your business plan before giving you the funds. In this case, the consultant provides validation that your plan is actually workable, thus allowing you to secure the funding.TO TEACH OR TRAIN EMPLOYEESEmployees are a company’s greatest asset, so it is important for companies to invest in developing their employees’ skills. In today’s competitive world, continually training employees allows them to perform their roles effectively and give the company an edge over its competitors.Training is especially important when the company adopts new technology, since employees have to learn how to use new software, operate new equipment or implement a new workflow. For instance, if the company switched from Oracle to SAP, employees need to learn how to use the new ERP.At the same time, sending employees out for external training might not be very effective, especially if a large number of employees have to be trained over a short period of time. In such situations, the best be t for a company is to hire a consultant to train employees.Since consultants are always on top of new developments in their industry, they are best placed to teach companies’ staff what they need for the company to stay competitive. Before commencing a training program, consultants first take some time to understand the company and the come up with customized training programs that are specific to the company and aligned with the company’s culture and training needs.Since consultants perform the training on-site, there is less interference on the day to day activities of the workforce. Using consultants to conduct internal training is also a lot more effective, since employees are trained using real-life problems, challenges and examples that they come across every day at work. It teaches employees the exact skills they need in order to effectively and successfully perform their roles.Hiring consultants to offer internal training is also more cost effective than sending out empl oyees for external training, especially if a large number of employees need to be trained.TO SAVE TIMEPicture the following scenario: a company is thinking about introducing a new product or service to the market, but it first needs to conduct some research to determine whether there is a ready market for the new product or service.Unfortunately, the company cannot afford to have its managers spending their time on an idea that might even not work. Because of this, the idea for a new product or service is placed on the backburner and is eventually forgotten.This doesn’t have to happen. Instead of spending valuable time on a moonshot project or placing it on the backburner, a company might opt to bring in consultants to help with the market research.The consultants can devote their time in conducting the research and then present data on the viability of the product, thus making it possible for the management to make the decision whether to move ahead with the idea or not, while sa ving the company the time it would have spent conducting its own research.This is not restricted to product launches only. By taking over some not-so-crucial tasks, consultants help companies save time while at the same time allowing managers to concentrate on their main duties.WRAPPING UPMany companies struggle with the decision on whether to hire consultants or not. As you have seen, consultants add a lot of value and can support companies in a lot of ways.If your company finds itself in a situation where it needs to bring in temporary expertise, gain an external perspective, benefit from extensive industry knowledge, supplement staff, implement change, make some unpopular decisions, or gain validation for its strategies, hiring consultants might be a great option.Consultants can also provide objectivity, train employees and help the company to save time.

Performance Enhancing Drugs is a Global Issue - 972 Words

A major issue in today’s world is drug in sport. The reason why drug in sport is a global issue is because many athletes in the world use performance enhancing drugs and influence others to use these drugs because of their success. An issue is a disagreement between two or more parties in a public forum. Many people disagree with others about the topic, ‘Drug in sport.’ Some people believe that performance enhancing drugs make sport far more interesting and competitive. They believe this because they love to see records being broken, unbelievable finishes to games and the suspense of who will win. Other people believe that this does not make sense and that drugs take away from the meaning from sports. If drugs were to be used in sports then we would not have the special people like Cristiano Ronaldo and Usain Bolt, two spectacular athletes who work very hard to gain as much success as possible. 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A Start-up Business Plan - Mediequip, Inc. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1019 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Executive Summary: Mediequip, Inc. is a medical device development company, completely owned by Mr.XYZ at the time of start-up by holding 100% interest in the company that intends to design, patent, and market medical devices related to nuclear medicine imaging niche markets. The company intends to design Positron Emission Tomography scanners by using specialized automated innovative techniques for manufacturing to cut back prices while at the same time upholding quality, to cut back costs in order to support company achieving a competitive place in market through COST LEADERSHIP strategy to Growth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Start-up Business Plan Mediequip, Inc." essay for you Create order The key elements in the Start-up plan for Mediequip are: The legal fee for filing patent applications for manufacturing process The registration fee for intellectual property owned by company. The location and place of doing business. Salary for the key managers and founders. $250,000 was raised from the initial investor for these purposes. This funding came in in early 2014 and these tasks have either been completed successfully or are in the final process of completion. These are treated purely as start-up expenses by this plan. $128,000 is treated as cash-on-hand as of the start of this plan on January 1, 2014. The remainder of the start-up capital required as well as capital required for the continuation of operations in the first six months will be provided by a bank loan and a bank overdraft facility. The capital obtained from these arrangements is expected to total an additional $700,000 and the plan calls for this cash to be infused in May and December, 2014. Mediequip, Inc. business offices are at 1234 Main Street, Any town, U.S.A. Phone is. Fax is. These offices are leased month-to-month on a temporary basis. This business plan calls for the establishment of corporate offices, RD facilities, and prototype and small-run manufacturing facilit ies. These facilities are to be located in Puerto Rico with 10,000 sq. ft. initially expandable to 30,000 sq. Rental costs in Puerto Rico range from $1.75 to $4.00 per sq. ft. currently available space in Puerto Rico may also be used on a joint-venture basis to be negotiated. Currently the main competition faced by company is from three large competitors namely General Electric, Siemens and Phillips Healthcare. Over the past five years, the PET Scanner Manufacturing industry has experienced growth, thanks to a rise in PET utilization among the industrys downstream markets. In particular, PET scanner utilization among oncologists has been high, because PET scanners can be used to diagnose and determine the stages of many types of cancer. During the five years to 2019, industry revenue is forecast to grow at an annualized rate of 5.9% to $8.8 billion. In particular, as PET scanner manufacturers focus on improving the quality and quantity of information that can be gathered in a sin gle scan, healthcare providers will be able to provide more streamlined care, stimulating demand for industry products. Market share concentration in the industry is high as IBIS World estimates that the top three industry players, GE, Siemens and Philips, hold a combined market share of 84.3% of total industry revenue in 2014. PET scanner manufacturers incur significant costs related to purchasing gamma cameras and input commodities, such as chemical elements like lutetium oxyortho silicate. As a result, many of these companies are multinational conglomerates, which produce these items in house. The use of radiopharmaceuticals is also essential to PET scanning procedures and a majority of industry operators also produce these drugs purposed for molecular imaging Industry Statistics and Market Size: 1 Revenue $ 7 bn 2 Annual Growth till 2014 2.3 % 3 Employment 16134 4 Businesses 135 About Company: Vision Statement: To be a leading company in producing medical devices by reshaping and revisiting the concept of manufacturing and changing this to manufacturing with quality. We aim to serve the humanity, by providing people with the best possible health facilities and revolutionize the medical equipment world by bringing the best medical practitioners and best business administrators and this culminating into a World à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Class business venture providing economical quality machines. We aim to satisfy our entire stakeholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, specially our employees and we extend the idea of stake in organization to the society as a whole. We assume our Corporate Social Responsibility by committing a specific percentage of our profits to GREEN ideas and we encourage eco-friendly manufacturing of machines to preserve nature. Mission Statement: Our mission is to be a Gold Standard provider of medical equipment and our company will focus on the Future of Radiology, demonstrating specific ways in which it is meeting the various evolving needs of healthcare and to lead the market by Providing exceptional value, uncompromising quality and incomparable services to our customers. Continuously evaluating our customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs and creating new or enhanced services to our customers Creating solid and enduring relationships with our customers through our continuous commitment to meeting and exceeding their expectations. Objectives: To Convert negative to positive cash flows within the 1st year of trading To achieve ISO standards manufacturing systems and procedures within 6 months of manufacturing To achieve annual growth above the industry average To provide our employees , best workplace conditions and a promising reward system with robust career growth To provide employment to un-employed people by moving manufacturing facilities to the areas with high number of un-employment ratio To expand our business geographically and moving into the areas with poor health facilities Joining hands with UNICEF to provide medical equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to those countries which are in warfare or are currently economically in a bust, at below average rates which those countries could easily afford Company Background: The idea to setup a company like mediequip came into my mind due to entrepreneurial nature of mine and me following à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“freewheeling opportunismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  style. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea was triggered mainly by my nature and passion towards healthcare and Medical field, and the reason was supported by one of major manufacturers of PET scanners ceasing manufacturing of these machines thus leaving a huge gap in market. Company started trading on 30 June 2014 and successfully completed its half year of trading under the supervision of a professional team lead by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“M.D nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Loss for the first six month is $150,000 and company expects to cover this by achieving economies of scale up to the year end

The Great Gatsby “Fitzgerald Tying Is Life to the Book” Free Essays

Fitzgerald writes The Great Gatsby as a mirror of his own life describing his life through such characters as Nick Carraway, the narrator and the Jay Gatsby the, protagonist which are representations of Fitzgerald’s life. Fitzgerald uses his own events to play key parts in this novel. Throughout The Great Gatsby characters and events are a written reflection of Fitzgerald life making The Great Gatsby an autobiography. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby â€Å"Fitzgerald Tying Is Life to the Book† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul Minnesota (A Brief Life of Fitzgerald). Francis’ parents enrolled him at the Newman School in 1911 when he was 15 years old, Newman School was a prestigious Catholic prep school located in New Jersey (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). After graduating from Newman in 1913 Fitzgerald went to Princeton University. At Princeton he devoted himself to working hard on becoming a writer. With all of his focus on writing, he began to struggle in other classes. Around 1917 Fitzgerald was on academic probation and it was very unlikely for him that he would graduate so he thought it was best for him to join the Army. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant in the infantry (A Brief Life of Fitzgerald). Fitzgerald was so convinced that he would die in the war and scared that he had not accomplished his literary dreams in time, that he quickly wrote a novel called The Romantic Egotist. The novel was very well liked by the publishing company known as Charles Scribner’s Sons, but they asked him to revise it before sending it back to them(A Brief Life of Fitzgerald). Around June 1918 Fitzgerald was stationed at Camp Sheridan, near Montgomery Alabama (A Brief Life of Fitzgerald). While he was stationed in Camp Sheridan, he met a girl named Zelda Sayre (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). Zelda was 18 years old and Fitzgerald eventually fell in love with her. And he would continue to pursue after her. Fitzgerald was never actually deployed into the war, because World War I ended in 1919. After being discharged from the army, Fitzgerald decided to move to New York City where he hoped to start a career in advertising hoping that Zelda would marry him for having a job (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). Although Fitzgerald wanted Zelda, he quit his job and decided to return to St. Paul to rewrite his novel. Fitzgerald really hit a breakthrough when his novel, This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). After finally having success from his novel, Zelda finally agreed to marry Fitzgerald only after a week of the book being published. Zelda and Fitzgerald married in New York. The couple had one child, a daughter named Francis Scott Fitzgerald, who was born in 1921 (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). Fitzgerald quickly became famous and wealthy from his writings as he began to write more novels and short stories as the year passed. Fitzgerald became a so called, â€Å"playboy† (F. Scott Fitzgerald Bio). Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby and it was published in 1924. The novel was closely based off most of Fitzgerald’s own life. Using his own experiences Fitzgerald was able to write his greatest novel ever. Fitzgerald shows himself throughout the book through mostly two characters; Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby. Both characters had some aspect to Fitzgerald’s life. For instance Jay Gatsby and Fitzgerald both had a lover whom they wanted to marry so badly. Nick is the vision of what Gatsby saw of the â€Å"roaring twenties†. Jay Gatsby represented Fitzgerald’s personality as a lavish partier when Fitzgerald first became wealthy. Gatsby threw great parties that everyone wanted to go to. Fitzgerald became rich just like everyone wants to be. It was not just the partying that is seen as Fitzgerald, but Fitzgerald seems to describe his own young life through Gatsby as if he was writing an autobiography. Fitzgerald went to Princeton only for a while just as Gatsby went to St. Olaf’s College only to leave the school just as Fitzgerald left Princeton. Gatsby was blinded by Daisy’s beauty just as Fitzgerald was to Zelda. Both were determined to have their women. It seemed though Fitzgerald could not accept rejection or a loss, an example in Fitzgerald’s life was that Zelda broke their engagement, because Fitzgerald was not making enough money (A Brief Life of Fitzgerald). Fitzgerald drove himself to win Zelda. Fitzgerald put his emotions into Gatsby by trying to say he would do whatever it would take to have Zelda. Gatsby got all his money from illegal activities, because he was willing to do whatever it took to have Daisy. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was blinded by the beauty of one women that having Zelda, as Gatsby having Daisy, was all he wanted. Gatsby represented the partying celebrity. Nick Carraway represents the other side of Fitzgeral,d as he represents the quietness the better minded version of Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald and Nick Carraway were able to see that all this materialism and partying in the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were morally decaying, yet they were both fascinated by the lifestyle. Nick represented Fitzgerald’s true feelings of the era where life was fun and flashy, but morally wrong to him. Nick Carraway at the end of the novel decided to move back to the Midwest to escape the craziness and hyped life happening on the east coast even though he was curious about it. (Fitzgerald 176). Fitzgerald puts his true feelings into Nick. Even though the fast rich life seemed fun and exciting it was morally decaying and he misses living normally. Fitzgerald showed many signs of an autobiography, in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald showed himself as idealized version of himself in Gatsby, doing whatever he could to have Daisy and never once thinking his plans would not work. Nick Carraway was Fitzgerald’s old self stuck in a place full of drama and morally decaying events that everyone in the party life thought as ok, because they thought they were better than everyone else. Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, shows readers that his life was put into two characters; Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway, to show the views of that era. . Works Cited â€Å"A Brief Life of Fitzgerald†. University of South Carolina. Web. 24 April 2012. â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald biography†. A+E Televison Network. Web. 24 April 2012 Fitzgerald, Francis S. The Great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 2004. Print. How to cite The Great Gatsby â€Å"Fitzgerald Tying Is Life to the Book†, Essay examples

Business Ethics VS. Military Ethics Essay Example For Students

Business Ethics VS. Military Ethics Essay Business Ethics versus Military Ethics June 18, 2005 Business Ethics versus Military Ethics The ultimate basis for ethics is clear: Human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others. We are capable of acting toward others in such a way as to increase or decrease the quality of their lives. We are capable of helping or harming. What is more, we are theoretically capable of understanding when we are doing the one and when the other. This is so because we have the capacity to put ourselves imaginatively in the place of others and recognize how we would be affected if someone were to act toward us as we are acting toward others (Elder Paul, 2003). There are many types of ethics and many ways to incorporate practices to enforce ethics as well as punish violators of ethics requirements. Two categories of ethics that are similar yet different are ethics in Corporate America and ethics in the United States Air Force (U.S.A.F.). First, we need to understand what ethics are. Ethics contributes to the learning what is right or wrong. Doing the right thing is not as straight forward as conveyed in a great deal of business ethics literature(McNamara, C. 2003, 6). The definition between corporations and the military provides us with a general description of ethics. Are military and corporate ethics different? Business Ethics in Corporate America The Business ethics concept means many things to many different people. It is coming to know what is right or wrong in the workplace and doing what is right this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders (McNamara, C. 2003, 8 ). According to Carter McNamara, business ethics is summarized into Two Broad Areas of Business Ethics defined as managerial mischief and moral mazes. (McNamara, C. 2003, 10). The first discussion will be managerial mischief. Madsen and Shafritz, in their book Essentials of Business Ethics (Penguin Books, 1990) further explain that managerial mischief includes illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations as well as the causes of such behaviors and remedies to eradicate them (McNamara, C. 2003,10). Business ethics is merely teaches the basics of what is wrong and right. Business ethics is a matter of dealing with situations that have no clear indication of what is wrong or right. Moral mazes of management include the many ethical situations that managers deal with daily. The wrongful use of resources and mismanagement of contracts and agreements, potential conflicts of interest, etc. cause many problems in the workplace. Case Study #1 Contract Conflict of Interests The following case study shows a potential conflict of interest on a contract, and shows how an organization handled identifying and resolving the conflict in a positive way. Alan Rose is a Senior Logistics Analyst with Dynamic Research Corporation, a company that provides logistics analysis as one of its key services. He is currently under contract to support the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program Office performing simulation and analysis of all logistical assets to include Supply, Manpower, and Support Equipment. His company has been under the same general contract for several years. In the last year, the prime contractor has determined there is a requirement to build a separate simulation tool, which will support their supply and supply chain management analysis. This will be separate from the work done under the general contract. The JSF Program Office had established a new contract and Alans company won this contract. The contract required that both teams remain separated and not share data or information. The first attempt at isolating the teams had the first group of analyst move their office from one floor of the building to the other. However, for contract/legal purposes this was not a complete solution. The result determined that the first team would be relocated from their new office location to another company building located several miles away. .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .postImageUrl , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:hover , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:visited , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:active { border:0!important; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:active , .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55 .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf645e393dfd12b2169024193d4606f55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dialectis on Internet censorchip Essay Ethics in the Military Military ethics is rooted in three Os: owing, ordering, and oughting.(Toner, 2003, 4) Military ethics is about knowing whom and what we owe. Military ethics cannot properly exist without the concept of owing. If we know why we owe what we do, we are able to recognize the obligation, responsibility, and duty .

Identification of Fungi free essay sample

While the identification of bacteria relies heavily on biochemical testing, the identification of molds tends to focus on their structural features. You will examine the appearance of growing cultures of several different molds and then prepare wet mounts of each to examine microscopically. Your instructor will provide you with a ‘key’ which includes information regarding some of the more common molds. You will use this key to identify the lab isolates. You will also prepare wet mounts of a yeast culture and use the ocular micrometer of your microscope to measure these cells for comparison to bacterial cells. Part A: Molds Method: 1. Obtain an agar plate culture of an ‘unknown’ mold. All molds have been cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA). 2. Visually examine the culture. A dissecting (or stereo-) microscope may be useful for this purpose. Record:a. colour or pigmentation of the culture b. texture (powdery, viscous, etc. ) 3. Obtain a clean microscope slide and add 1-2 drops of lactophenol cotton blue (stain) to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Identification of Fungi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Obtain a short piece of cellophane tape. Be careful to touch it only at the two ends. 5. Press the ‘sticky side’ down onto the surface of the mold culture. If there are different colours present in the culture, try to ‘pick up’ a portion of each. Spores may be a different colour than the mycelia – usually darker. Remember that you want to keep the reproductive structure (the part of the mold where the spores are located) intact. 6. Place the tape ‘sticky side’ down onto the drop of lactophenol cotton blue on the microscope slide prepared in Step 3. Try to keep the tape smooth; avoid ‘wrinkles’ or folds if possible. 7. Examine the slide using the light microscope. Start by using low and medium power to locate the reproductive structures. Higher magnifications may then be used for more detailed observations. 8. Draw a diagram of the mold structure. Are the mycelia septate or non-septate? Record the stain and magnification used. 9. Consult the key provide by your instructor. Identify the possible genus (or genera) for each of the provided unknowns. Part B: Yeast Method: 1. Obtain a broth culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast). 2. Add a few drops of this culture to a clean microscope slide together with a drop or two of the lactophenol cotton blue dye. Place a cover slip over the preparation. . Examine the yeast cells using the light microscope. Can you see any budding cells? 4. Draw a diagram to illustrate the structure of a typical yeast cell. 5. Use the ocular micrometer to estimate the size of the yeast cells. Assume that the length of one ocular division is approximately 2. 5 ? m for the 40x lens and approximately 1. 0 ? m for the 100x (oil immersion) lens. Note that yeast cells are oval; as suc h, the length and width (diameter) must both be determined. Take the average of three cells. Complete the provided worksheet

Boradinging the view of the Bl essays

Boradinging the view of the Bl essays It seems that it may be mass media or pop culture that seems to portray talking black cool. Karla D. Scott from Saint Louis University makes the point that many people in main- stream America have the, perception that black language use also indicates stupidity on the part of the user. (Gonzalez, 183) Although it is not necessarily true, it seems like if you are a African-American, and you do not use slang or ebonics you are considered a sell out or that you, you do not sound black. Ebonics which was introduced in Oakland, California in 1996, is the term used, ...in reference to language of black Americans.( Gonzalez, 183) Many images that come to mind when discussing or trying to understand the black language may come from some icons in American pop culture, like Buckwheat from the Little Rascals, which shows a young black boy, who speaks incorrect English and seems to somewhat uneducated (Gonzalez, 184-85). This is a common theme in many television shows and movies and it is quite unfortunate that many outside the black culture and even in its own culture feel that all blacks speak this way and that is simply not true. Whereas those African-Americans who are educated and do speak proper English, are considered other blacks and maybe considered to be a sell out. Overall, unless you are an African American, it is awfully hard to comment on this issue. If you are not part of a culture it is unfair to make a strong statement whether you agree or disagree with a particular aspect of the issue. But I think that Bill Cosby this past summer said it best, that he feels strongly that young blacks are not going to be successful or make it in this world if they keep acting the way they do. What he meant is that what see in the music videos is not reality; you cannot be a thug and act like a punk and expect to make it in this world. And I fe ...

Evolution of Stable Angina into Acute Myocardial Infarction Essay

Evolution of Stable Angina into Acute Myocardial Infarction - Essay Example It is a very variable symptom that varies when is described by different patients, and this makes it one of the most controversial symptoms in the medicine (Melvyn et al. 2010). Stabile angina pectoris is usually first recognized during a general practice (GP) doctor visit or is noticed by a nurse during a home visit or other occasion. GP doctors often must decide if the acute symptoms described by the patient are due to heart problems or some other less acute condition and have limited resources in GP ambulance to do complete more detailed diagnostic tests like a stress test, laboratory findings, angiography or other procedures that are less often found in GP office. Initial recognition of this symptom but also the future monitoring and treatment of these patients is important for the preventing progression of evolution of the coronary artery disease and progression of stable angina pectoris into unstable angina or myocardial infarction (Adam et al. 2007). In this essay, we will con duct a critical review of several studies in order to assess factors that influence the recognition and progression of stable angina pectoris into a more serious condition. Review of studies in relevance to stable angina pectoris in primary care As we mentioned above angina pectoris is a symptom defined by the patient in his own words. This condition can often cause changes like ST depression on EKG strip but very often angina pectoris can occur without any changes on the ECG strip (Hausmann et al. 1991). Because more accurate methods for confirmation of angina pectoris are often unavailable in pre-hospital or pre-clinical settings, anamnesis has an important function as a factor for initial recognition of this disease. But as we mentioned above angina pectoris is a subjective symptom and description of the patients often vary significantly. This condition was researched by Melvyn et al. 2010 who tried to recognize the variations of presentation of these symptoms. For this task, the y recruited patients from two general practice institutions and only included patients that had a diagnosis of angina pectoris or other ischemic cardiovascular (CV) condition or patients that were taking some form of nitrates. All of the participants were subjected to interview conducted by medical professionals and all of the participants were asked the same questions: did they have any chest, jaw or neck discomfort in the last year and how would they describe this discomfort. A total of 64 patients were interviewed. There are a set of widely accepted individual interpretations of angina pectoris that are called angina â€Å"canon†. These symptoms are (Somerville et al. 2008): - association of the symptoms with physical exercise. - positive reaction after administration of medication, - general duration of symptoms during a single attack.

Management and leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management and leadership Development - Essay Example 17). Current cultural diversity in global business entities have as well played very essential role in enhancing the experienced impediments in the application of conventional leadership and management theories in contemporary profit making organisations(Hernandez, 2008, p.121). By referring to modern increasing competition and changes in global and local market, global institutions has the role of coming up with efficient means of training and educating their leaders on the most effective means of complying with international management and leadership standards(Hersey and Blanchard, 1993, p.41). Hawksmoor Restaurants is one the other hand rated as one of the most successful multinational corporation in United Kingdom. Despite having huge number of sales and profitability, Hawksmoor Restaurants is among the commonly preferred restaurants company in United Kingdom (Hawksmoor Restaurants, 2012, p. 5). A part from having its headquarters and numerous branches in United Kingdom, Hawksmoo r Restaurants has instituted various outlets in other parts of the world (Gutierrez and Tania, 2007, p. 67). Compared to other proficient local and international restaurants, Hawksmoor Restaurants is among the finest United Kingdom companies in offering fair deals to its staffs. In spite of getting free meals, the company’s employees, are also given competitive wages depending on their performances and skills. The aim of treating its employees fairly is to motivate them as well as enhance their professionals, individual leaders, and management development (Hannum, Jennifer and Claire 2012, p. 79). Compared to its competitors, Hawksmoor Restaurants is also known for paying its employees fairly and in accordance to their skills and competence. Regardless of employing skilled and competent employees, the company is as well known for employing youthful managers (Martineau, 2007, p. 309). Effective employment of both modern and conventional leadership and management theories has a s well been very helpful in facilitating the success of Hawksmoor Restaurants in local and global market (Pulley and Wakefield, 2001, p. 439). To understand the importance and relevant of effective application of leadership and management theories in business entities, the subsequent essay will expound on how Hawksmoor Restaurants has been employing these theories in developing the efficiency of its managers and leaders (Hannum and Claire, 2012, p. 1719). The success of Hawksmoor Restaurants in local and international market can largely be linked to effective and consistent application of Great Man Leadership and Development Theory. Great Man Theory is based on the perception that, leaders are unique and special people in the society. As described in this theory, leaders are born with innate leadership traits. The use of the term man was intentional as it aims at describing the manner in which a leader is supposed to be firm and composed (Reed, 2005, p. 176). As explained in this th eory, although a leader is born with inmate skills and competence, training is very essential in facilitating the development of the identified leadership traits. By referring to the contents in Great Man Theory, Hawksmoor Restaurants have adopted mechanisms that are aimed at identifying and developing leadership traits among its leaders.

Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Neorealism

Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Neorealism NEO-LIBERALISM, NEO-REALISM   THE ‘NEO-NEO SYNTHESIS’ Do you agree that neo-realism and neo-liberalism have come so close together so as to form a ‘neo-neo synthesis’? Or is the long-standing confrontation between the two very much alive today? ‘This positivist-realist legacy has, despite slight differences and  dichotomies, persisted in later positivist scholars of international  relations: Robert Gilpin, Stephan Krasner, and Robert Kohane. Whereas  they have a number of differences to debate, namely anarchy, regime,  state cooperation etc., they belong to the Neo-realist research  programme which as been called the ‘‘neo-neo synthesis’’. Despite the  substantive debate between neo-realists and neo-liberal institutionalists,  Neo-institutionalism does not actually challenge but complements neorealism . . . This indicates that neo-realism and neo-liberalism are no  longer incommensurable: they commonly share the rationalist research  programme.’ (Toru Oga, 2000: p.3) This quotation is given at such length because it succinctly and excellently gives the theoretical foundation for the notion of a ‘neo-neo synthesis’, and for the merger and integration of neo-realism and neo-liberalism. For a long part of the twentieth century realism and liberalism, and later neo-realism and neo-liberalism, were bitterly opposed to each other at both theoretical and practical levels: the former espoused a economic and political ideology that viewed the ideal international community as one possessed of lassiz-faire economic policies, of free markets and limited government intervention; the later proposed, to the contrary, that the international community should be a restraint upon nation states, limiting and controlling their political and economic activities, and making them behave according to mutually agreed criteria (Booth, 1995). Considering the antithetical nature of these two positions, it long seemed to supporters of both camps that a synthesis of their positions would be both heretical and impossible. Nonetheless, in the mid 1980’s a convergence of the two schools did indeed begin to emerge as it became clear that their differences were not as great as they has formerly assumed, and as other schools of a more radical nature began to attack neo-liberalism and neo-realism alike (Kratochwil, 2000). As Oga suggests above, the two schools came to see that they were both working according to the ‘rationalist research programme’ and that this joint philosophy might bear better fruit if they co-ordinated their work. This essay however proceeds to argue, using the twin criticisms of John Ruggie’s and Alexander Wendt’s constructivism and Richard Ashley’ and David Campbell’s deconstructivism, that the neo-neo synthesis is but a verbal mirage, a rhetorical convergence of ideas that is not a political reality and whose theoretical foundation is both illogical and unhistorical. It will th erefore be shown that neo-realism’s and neo-liberalism’s long-standing confrontation is as alive today as it has been at any time in its history. ‘Social constructivism’ first emerged as a challenge to the validity of the neo-neo synthesis of neo-realism and neo-liberalism in the work of John Ruggie (1986) and Alexander Wendt (1989). The principal objection raised by these scholars to the neo-neo-neo synthesis was that it failed to sufficiently account for or explain the roles and functions of national interests and national and corporate identities in the domain of international politics. In the words of Oda ‘Firstly, the neo-neo synthesis is unable to explain how territorial states formed particular identities and interests. Secondly, it fails to explain how state identity and state interest are co-instituted. Finally, there increasingly emerges the normative factor in international relations, such as humanitarian intervention, which the synthesis totally ignores’ (Oda, 2000: p.5). The neo-neo synthesis is therefore criticised on three counts: one, it pays too little attention to how national and te rritorial identities are formed, and therefore does not have sufficient knowledge of these identities when needing to make informed decisions on international political and economic policy; secondly, this being a related point, the neo-neo synthesis does not make clear the relationship between how state identities are formed and therefore how states will behave internationally in the protection of their interests; and, thirdly, the neo-neo synthesis in entirely impotent when asked to make decisions regarding one of the most significant developments in recent international politics: the emergence of humanitarianism. Thus Ruggie came to define the opposite to the neo-neo synthesis, i.e., constructivism, with the following statement ‘Social constructivists have sought to understand the full array of roles that ideas play in world politics, rather than specifying a priori roles based on theoretical presuppositions and then testing for those specified roles, as Neo-Utilitarians doà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ruggie 1998: p. 867). If this constructivist position is accurate, Ruggie argued, then the neo-neo synthesis cannot also be accurate. ‘On the one hand, the sign of ‘sovereignty’ betokens a rational identity: a  homogeneous and continuous presence that is hierarchically ordered, that has a  unique centre of decision presenting over a coherent ‘self’, and that is  demarcated from, and in opposition to, an external domain of difference and  change that resists assimilation to its identical being. On the other hand, the  sign of ‘anarchy’ betokens this residual external domain: an aleatory domain  characterised by difference and discontinuity, contingency and ambiguity, that  can be known only for its lack of the coherent truth and meaning expressed by  a sovereign presence’ (Ashley, 1988: p. 230) A further attack upon the solidity of the neo-neo synthesis has been launched by the deconstructivism school founded by Richard Ashley (1988) and David Campbell (1998) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ the criticisms of both centring upon failure of the neo-neo synthesis to properly explain the anarchical nature of the international political domain. According to the rationalistic model of the neo-neo synthesis the international economic and political community must be ordered according to absolutely certain and definite economic and political principles that are open to scientific research and investigation. Likewise, it is a belief of the neo-neo synthesis that economists and politicians are able to make predictions about the nature of the international environment by using these scientifically determined laws of economics and politics; the above model cannot allow for capricious economic and political events whose causes lie outside of scientific prediction (Lapid, 1989). Deconstructivism on the other hand, as Ashley shows in the quotation above, argues that the order bestowed upon a nation by its ‘sovereignty’ is not present in the international arena where a lack of sovereignty produces events that defy economic and political laws derived from the economic and political conditions in sovereign states (Ashley, 1988). In different words: the international arena and the sovereign domestic arena are markedly different and behave differently according to different sets of laws. Thus Ashley came to speak of the international arena as place of ‘anarchy problematique’ (Ashley, 1988: p.201): a notion considerably developed by the other founder of deconstructivism, David Campbell. In Writing Security (1988) Campbell considers the domestic and foreign policies of the United States as an example of the dichotomy between sovereign domestic behaviour and anarchical international behaviour. At the domestic level, successive American governments, be they republ ican or democratic, produce prudent and conservative policies designed to operate within a narrow ideological range; such policies are designed to appeal to an average American mind-set that is fond of such conservative policies. American foreign policy however manifests itself in much more radical forms, most recently witnessed in the invasion of Iraq, including many policies that violate the political, moral and economic ideologies expected at home. In Iraq, for instance, American policy is forced to respond to anarchical conditions that require very different policies and practices from those employed the homeland of America; these normal freedoms and rights are suspended because of the changed anarchical conditions over which America presides in Iraq. The explanation for this policy and ideological dichotomy rests upon a difference of identity: American citizens identify themselves at home, due to long tradition and experience of certain rights and freedoms, as possessing these absolutely and do not permit their governments to make major deviations from these; in the international arena however the identity of those making policy is not so strongly tied to cultural or individual identity but is rather an abstract spectre that can as such justifies more anarchical policies. Thus Campbell famously stated that ‘Identity can be understood as the outcome of exclusionary practices in which resistant elements to a secure identity on the ‘‘inside’’ are linked through a discourse of ‘‘danger’’ with threats identified and located on the outside. Foreign policy, being those practices of differentiation implicated in all confrontations between a self and other, embraces both positive and negative valences’ (Campbell, 1998: p.73.). The neo-neo synthesis, according to Ashley, Campbell and others of the deconstructionist school cannot properly exist in the form it pretends to because it does not take suffic ient account of the anarchical element in international politics. In the final analysis, it can be stated with some assurance that the ‘neo-neo synthesis’ is a desperate verbal illusion created by neo-liberals and neo-realists alike when jointly threatened by the strength of the constructivism / deconstructivism critique. The eminent political scientist Francis Fukuyama predicted in his famous National Interest article of 1989 entitled The End of History that differences of economic and political ideologies would soon be a thing of the past as the world, driven by forces of globalization, came together behind the consensus that liberal democracy and capitalism represented the end point of human history and would soon create a homogenous political order (Fukuyama, 1989). Deeply influenced and threatened by the persuasiveness of such ideas, and so by the notion that their own ideological differences might become superfluous; scholars of both schools created the ‘neo-neo synthesis’ as a self-defence mechanism. This mechanism has subsequently been revealed as both illogical and irrational by the criticisms levelled against it by the constructivism and deconstructivism schools. The pretence of ideological unity is falsified by the practical manifestations of both theories, which diverge radically and which show that the long-standing confrontation between the two positions is as alive today as at any other time before. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Books, Journals Articles Ashley, R. (1986 [1984]) ‘The Poverty of Neorealism’ in Keohane, R. O. (edt.) Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia U.P.) Booth, K. (1995) ‘Dare not to know: International Relations Theory versus the Future’ in Booth, K. and Smith, S. (edt.) International Relations Theory Today (Oxford: Polity Press). Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Manchester: Manchester U.P., Revised Edition) Cox, R. (1987) Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the making of History (NY: Columbia U.P.) (1999) ‘Civil Society at the Turn of the Millennium: Prospects for an Alternative World Order’ in Review of International Studies Vol. 25 Fukuyama, F. (1989). National Interest article ‘The End of History’. George, J. (1993) ‘Of Incarceration and Closure: Neo-realism and New/Old World order’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies 22 (2). Kratochwil, F. (2000) ‘Constructing a New Orthodoxy? Wendt’s ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ and the Constructivist Challenge’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29 (1) Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards A Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso) Lapid, Y. (1989) ‘The Third Debate: on the prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 33. Oga, T. (2000). From Constructivism to Deconstructivism: Theorising the Construction and Culmination of Identities. PhD Thesis. Department of Government. University of Essex. Ruggie, J. G. (1986) ‘Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis’ in Keohane, R. O. (edt.) Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia U.P.) Waltz, K. (1979) Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House) Wendt, A. and Duval, R. (1989) ‘Institutions and International Order’ in Czempiel, E. O. and Rosenau, J. N. (edt.) Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Massachusetts: Lexington Books)

Domestic Violence and Social Class Essay

Domestic violence is something that happens every day around the world. Young, old, rich or poor, this is an issue that we must look at to better ourselves as a country. One of the things that we look at is how domestic violence relates to the different social classes of the country, this being upper, middle, and lower. Some would thing that it would be more common in lower classes, but the reality of it is domestic violence is a problem across all social classes. In this paper I will discuss different articles about domestic violence and its relation to social class. It is clear to see that any of the articles on this topic focus around women as victims and men get put into a category of the only ones committing violence. From different articles you can see that social class has a relation and an effect on domestic violence. To begin with we need to understand what domestic violence is. The National Domestic Violence Hotline describes domestic violence as pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abuse is physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize, manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure or wound someone. Domestic violence can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender. It can happen to couples who are married, living together or who are dating. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels (The National Domestic Hotline). This is one of the best definitions you will find. It’s important to realize that Domestic Violence can happen to anyone. The focus on economic background is important; there is not one ocial class that domestic violence does not occur in. It is key that we keep this in mind, otherwise we begin to label and fit certain social groups into categories. And as we will find out this is not the case at all. In Gender, Status, and Domestic Violence, by Kristin L. Anderson she discusses many issues related to domestic violence. In her article she talks about social economic status and how it can affect domestic violence. The section on social class begins with how gender and social class play very big roles with each other, or how each social class helps determine the resources available to men for the construction f masculinity (Anderson, 1995). Anderson begins with the working and lower class and how their position they hold at work lacks power and authority. This can lead to violence in the home because they search for positions of power in other aspects of their life. And many times the search for power and masculinity starts in their home life. This could be one explanation for the cause of domestic violence among low income social class. It is very clear that society even thought changing for the better over the years, still puts the man as the breadwinner of his family. And if a man annot produce for their family I agree with her that that will look for other places to find there masculinity and in some cases this is accomplished with violence against their partner. Next Anderson discusses middle and upper class together. She states with reference from another article that â€Å"Middle and upper class notions of masculinity focus on ambition, responsibility, and professional employment (Segal, society. The research done in this article shows that men or women with low income jobs and less resources are more likely to be violent in their home as a means to gain the lack of power in their life. Men who have fewer resources then there female partners will be more likely to commit domestic assault than the men with resources equal or greater than their female partners (Anderson, 1995). We can see for the research done by Anderson that she focuses on the reporting of violence. I would have like to have seen some numbers on education and or employment in ration to domestic violence. But it is clear and can be understood that men base their masculinity on their economic social status, and if that status is low they begin to search for other ways to gain power, and often that is in the means of domestic iolence against their partners. Social class plays a key role in everyday life of millions around the world. So it is clear that social class would play a role in domestic violence. Knowing that domestic violence knows no boundaries it is correct to say that wealth does not protect against violence. In the article Economic stress and Domestic Violence by Claire M. Renzetti from the National Online Resource Center on Violence against Women, they bring social class and domestic violence into clear view. One discussion in the article which we have to take into account when looking at social class and domestic violence is ell put when she stats â€Å"the data we have about domestic violence comes from samples to which researchers have greatest access, such as individuals who use social services and these individuals are more likely to have low incomes† (Renzetti, 2009). With this in mind it is clear to see why there are so many articles on low income violence. As she states from a study done by Benson and Fox (2003) from analyzing data from the National Survey of Household and Families, the family income increases the likelihood of domestic violence decrease. It is becoming clearer hat even though we know that domestic violence knows no social class, The National Crime Victimization Survey reports the chance of violence in a low income household is five times great then the households with the highest incomes (Renzetti, 2009). As stated earlier it seems that the relation to domestic violence and employment takes a big part of the problem with violence among the social classes. In the article by Anderson early discuss she makes it clear that the feeling of power is directly related to the males economic standing. Renzetti state that sever studies have documented hey deliberate sabotage to their partners efforts to maintain paid employment (2009). We can tie that back to how males base their masculinity and power on their economic status. Women have reported that their attempts to obtain paid employment outside their homes only aggravated their partners. It is becoming clear that men see power in being the main provider in the house and to lose some of that power is demining in some ways, and can result in violence against their partners. She references an article by Bush (2003) say that paid employment if a female intimate partner is threatening for some men, especially men who are unemployed r in low paying Jobs. Renzitti states that some researchers have argued that social class has a greater influence on domestic violence risk than race/ethnicity, and that even the social class of your neighborhood plays into account. Disadvantaged neighborhoods domestic violence rates are significantly higher in neighborhoods By now it is clear that there is a relation between social class and domestic violence. In domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking by Walby & Allen (2004) they discuss how it could be the domestic violence that is causing the low economical status. This is a little broader thinking then our other authors but still Walby & Allen tie mans need for masculinity and power into the equation. But first to look how they discuss domestic violence as the cause for low social status, the lack of economic resources is clearly associated with domestic violence against women. But it is how we see one leading to the other that they discuss. Walby & Allen purpose that maybe it is the other way around. For example that poverty and low social status are the consequences of domestic violence. Women who leave behind their homes and partners in order to escape violence will be much more ikely to be poorer as a consequence of the loss of their home and of their partner’s income (Walby &Allen, 2004). This is a new concept to think about but can easily be seen as possible. From what we have learned low income family are more prone to domestic violence, it is clear to see if the victim does get out of this relationship they have no means of economic support. In return this Just keeps them in poverty and most likely sinks them deeper down the status pool of the world. As Walby & Allen (2004) report that â€Å"eventually making their way back into the abusive elationship because they have no economic support. It seems that the affect that social class and domestic violence have on each other is a never ending cycle. As we found in the research social class plays a big part in domestic violence and in some cases domestic violence plays a big part in social class. Whichever way that you look at it one constant held true across all of the articles, this being that men have been socially constructed by society to have to have the need for power in relationships. And when that power is l acking and they feel there masculinity is in eopardy we see domestic violence. Now a lot of the focus of the articles was on the lower class, showing that the economic stress had a direct relation to man and the need for power. We need to understand that the lower social status groups are not the only ones with a domestic violence problem. Like I said earlier domestic violence can happen across any social class, rich or poor. Most of the research that is done focuses on women in poverty because that is where the easy samples are. We know that there is a problem there, we need to move on to research that examines women ofa higher social standing. When we open up to who is we look at then we will begin to get a real grasp on the social class and domestic violence issue. Now I know that that depends on if they are willing to report, but that is a whole different topic for a different day. We have to be careful not to stereotype individuals into this field Just because of the economic standing, but it is clear that social class and domestic violence show a clear and direct relation with each other.

Historic American Wars through the Ages

In this research paper, the various wars that America has taken part in are discussed and dissected to identify the root causes for the wars, the actual incidents which transpired and the final consequences in the aftermath of the said wars. Evolution of the Militia System in the Colonial Times The militia is recognized as the local able-bodied force which the British created in order to protect its vested interests in the colonized regions when its own military was insufficient to contain the military responsibilities (Telzrow, 2006).The responsibility of the militia in the case of the United States was to basically supress the native population and safeguard the British interests in the geographical region. The militia was basically equipped and trained along the regular army lines and were to act as the front runners in any altercation. Evolution The movement of the English into the region previously dominated by the Indians was seen as an act against the locals as they were maltr eated and they began to become increasingly hostile.Aside from the local threat, the British were paranoid due to the presence of the Spanish, French and Dutch who were located all around the United States. The requirement for the militia units were that the person should be able-bodied and lie within the age of 15-60 (Telzrow, 2006). The leadership was often bestowed to wealthy families and people who were politically strong. These armies comprised of locals of the surrounding areas and rarely went into battles in distant places as there primary objective was providing security to their own locality.The militia was also restricted due to labor demands since most were common villagers who had some military training. So when the harvesting season was upon them, the militia was understaffed. Eventually the volunteer militia was created which consisted of militia members who voluntarily made the militia and were responsible in procuring their own equipment and weapons. This militia had a more military and social background then the regular militia. ImportanceThe population of the army in the United States was not sufficient enough to provide internal security as well as address the problems with the expanding Dutch, Spanish and French empires (Cooper, 1997). The local militia provided the British with a constant supply of soldiers and they would handle the internal conflicts and handle security issues. The militia provided villages and towns a means of defending themselves against neighboring areas and it was the militia which provided the Civil war with able-bodied men to defend their rights.British View of the Militia The British viewed the militia as a reserve unit for their disposal. Even though the militia was trained under the army, they were rarely taken for any expeditions far from their localities. Since most of the militia members were farmers and villagers they weren’t taken far from their responsibilities. It was this short-sight which eventual ly cost the British, as the militia was the fundamental force behind the Battle for Independence in which the British lost against the united Americans.The militia was led by a trained contingent of professionally trained soldiers and the concept of a dual army was born which existed in the War of Independence. The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and Great Britain. The war lasted from 1812 to 1815. Causes The causes for the war could be traced to the United States frustration towards the British navy and its actions conducted in the sea.During this era, the British were searching for men who they could use as seamen and for this purpose they would stop and search for deserted sailors on ships headed towards the United States and departing from it. The British did not hesitate in hassling Americans in the process (Galafilm). The British were also pressing for the United States to quit trading with France, since France was at war with Britai n. This was during the Napoleonic era. These strict regulations and haughty attitude eventually frustrated the United States to such an extent that they took notice of these acts in the United States Congress.The United States felt that their rights on the seas had been violated. The United States felt that if it tried some economic approaches then under the pressure the British would fold but their attempts at constraining the economic activities across the sea routes proved ineffective and they eventually declared war against Great Britain on June 18, 1812. Conduct of the War Responding to the call for war, the United States decided to win over the Canadian region occupied by the British. The United States launched a three pronged attack in 1812 which failed.During the year however the Americans were able to win a series of single-ship engagements and were able to harry British shipping. In response to these actions the British tightened the coastlines and created blockades. The o utcome of this was that the American trade suffered, and their finances were weakened, and the entire coastline was exposed to attacks from the British. In 1813 the Americans attempted to take over Canada again. Yet similar to past expeditions, this attempt failed at once. 1814 however proved to be the decisive year, as the British had won over the French.They began concentrating their attention towards the United States front and began harrying troops along to the States in order to suppress the American revolt. They concentrated on attacking on 3 major fronts; New York, New Orleans and Chesapeake (Berton, 1988). The British were able to gain victory in all 3 places and the Americans were barely able to resist the forces. Consequence In 1815 the Battle of New Orleans took place in which the British’s superior forces were unable to overpower the lesser American force.Using strategic miscalculations on the part of the British, the Americans were able to defeat them in the hist oric battle. The end of the war was marked by the Treaty of the Ghent, in which none of the problems were resolved. Winners or Losers The War of 1812 did not provide any conclusive winners or losers as both sides suffered many losses economically and with respect to lives. The period from 1812-1815 marked an economical decline for America and it did not help the United States as such. The Mexican War of 1846The Mexican War was fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. Causes After the annexation of Texas, Mexico appeared claiming Texas as part of its own geographic boundaries (Son of the South, 2003). This came as a surprise to the Americans as Mexico was already a recognized state with its own geographic borders clearly identified by the United States of America, England, France and other governments. The Mexicans were also causing trouble since the Republican government had succeeded in their country and they were a constant thorn in the side of the United Sta tes.The state of Mexico would replenish its treasury and gather funding by plundering United States vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. Upon the United States complain, the governments formulated treaties yet they were never acted upon and the plundering continued to transpire unabated. The War In 1845, President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to occupy a position near the Rio Grande, as a precautionary measure since both sides were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other.During the expedition moving closer to Rio Grande, General Zachary began the construction of Fort Brown, which was later targeted by the Mexicans as a point to be recognized and neutralized. The first battle was at Palo Alto, after the Mexicans began gathering around the Fort Brown and it appeared as if it would fall. In this battle the United States won against the gathered Mexican forces. In the month of May 1846, both sides openly declared war and urged their states to take the neighbor as a recognized threat.What followed later were a number of expeditions across Texas into the state of Mexico, with the generals defeating the local forces and extending the United States controlled territory. Matamoras, Monterrey, Veracruz, Cerro Gordo, etc. were majorly all successful campaigns conducted by the U. S. generals. During this war California also gained independence as the locals declared the said independence after the Mexican forces were repelled from the state. The northward expedition by General Scott of the United States forces was undeterred and in September 13, the city of Mexico had fallen to the U.S. government and the Mexicans were ultimately defeated. A reason which could be attributed to the constant defeat by the Mexicans against the Americans could be that the Mexicans at the time were locked in internal conflicts as well, which resulted in their inability to unite against the foreign threat (Soto, 2006). Consequences of the Mexican War After the Mexicans were defeated i n battle, in February 1848 the Mexican Congress agreed to establish a treaty of peace with the United States generals at Guadalupe Hidalgo. Both sides ratified to it on July 4 of the same year.The stipulation of the treaty was that Mexico would be evacuated of American troop’s presence in 3 months and payments worth $3,000,000 in hand and $12,000,000 by the United States to Mexico over a period of 4 installments would be paid for the development of New Mexico and California which had become U. S. territories. A major consequence of the war was the distinguishing of the boundary dividing Mexico and the United States. When the treaty was ratified in 1854, the treaty of 1848 was revised and the boundaries were fixed and the United States agreed to pay $7,000,000 to $10,000,000 as a consideration to Mexico.The conditions set under the peace treaty were all complied with and peaceful relations have existed between the two nations since then. The Spanish American War The Spanish Am erican War was a brief yet conclusive battle which lasted from April 1898 to July 1898, during which time the Spanish Empire was destroyed and offering the United States with several new possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific (Department Of The Navy — Naval Historical Center, 1998). Causes What basically marked the beginning of the war between the Spanish navy and the United States navy was the attack on the battleship Maine.This was an unprecedented attack on U. S. property and it incited the United States to go to war. Even though it has yet to be proven that the attack on the battleship was Spanish inspired (Buscheni, 2000), the U. S. newspapers used their influential position to paint a grim picture regarding the Spanish. Appeals placed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines all made it appear as the regions were under Spanish oppressive rule and helped precipitating the war and providing tender to the flames.The newspapers in the United States were seeing a boom as they were the major source of information for the populace. Using their position, newspapers began writing pieces by which there sales would be maximized disregarding the truth and how events had really transpired (Buscheni, 2000). Incidents After the sinking of the battleship Maine in 15 February 1898, the Americans launched an attack in May of the same year in Manila. The battle of Manila Bay was between the Spanish fleet positioned there against the United States Navy.The battle was one sided as the Spanish fleet comprised of large wooden ships whereas the U. S. Navy consisted of smaller steel vessels. After the firing from the U. S. Navy, led by Admiral George Dewey, the Spanish fleet situated in Manila was completely destroyed. This was one of the most successful campaigns undertaken by the United States as the only casualty during this campaign resulted from sunstroke and not actual combat (Independence Hall Association). Another expedition was launched in Cuba under the c ommand of General William Shafter, who led a force which was vastly outnumbered 7 to 1.The true glory of the Cuban expedition is accredited to a group of fighters referred to as the Rough Riders, who comprised of cowboys, adventurous college students and ex-convicts who had volunteered for the cause. The Rough Riders, Shafter’s forces and 2 African American regiments all collaborated in charging up San Juan Hill and bottling the Spanish in the Santiago Harbor. The Spanish lost this war when the Spanish fleet was destroyed by the American forces. ConsequencesThe United States received the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico after the Treaty of Paris was signed which basically awarded the victors. Cuba attained independence after this war and Spain was given $20 Million to recover its losses from these battles. Yet however, the key consequence of the Spanish American War was the proof of the strength of journalism in the United States. The effectiveness of the newspapers to influ ence the populace into thinking about right and wrong and coming up with conclusions based on what they wished to happen was evident in this war.Another consequence of this war could be the realization of the expanding American empire, as the desire to â€Å"free† Cuba from oppressive Spanish rule was replaced by the occupation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines by the United States. The U. S. sentiment supported the expansions and it is evident to this day of the urge of United States to occupy other countries to provide â€Å"peace† and â€Å"freedom†. Jomini and Clausewitz Fundamental Principles of War Swiss wrier Antoine- Henri Jomini and Prussian Carl von Clausewitz were military theorists who became popular during the era of the French Revolution and Napolean.Both have been highly influential in framing military thinking. The theories presented by both Jomini and Clausewitz are seen as either exact opposites of each other or as identical in most respects. The reason behind such a conflicting view is due to the similar background shared by the two theorists. Both had a common historic interest in the campaigns led by Frederick the Great, both shared long personal experience in the Napoleonic wars (even though both were on different sides), and both read each other’s books.After taking into account the mentioned reasons it comes as no surprise as both theorists saw war in the same light, just from different angles (Bassford, 1993). Fundamental Differences between the two theorists In its most basic form, both theorists were on opposing sides of each other during the French Napoleonic era. Jomini acted as an interpreter and general for the French forces, while Clausewitz had fought numerous times against the French being in the Prussian army. Both held a differing perspective regarding the concepts related to the history and role of the military.Clausewitz book, On War, clearly indicated that history was a dynamic process and it should not be looked upon with a static world view as values, standards and situations differ with respect to the context of the times. His theories bring to light a concept which states that war can vary its form depending on the circumstances in which it is being fought, hence the nature of the policy and the society within it is waged is crucial to take into account and should not be overlooked as a constant. On the other hand, Jomini’s views regarding war were simplistic in nature and were static.He recognized war as a battle of superior minds, in the form of military generals and heroes, and reflected that war was beyond normal people’s comprehension. He referred to war as a â€Å"drama† with differences in wars arising due to differing technologies, political motivations and people involved. His work was thus more appealing to military educators as its purpose was to teach practical lessons to officers of a superior grade. Even though the philosophies of b oth theorists differed, both discussed the same materials in their works which were practically applicable to scenarios which may arise during wars.Similarities and Sharing of Opinions Initially Jomini appeared to be a role model for Clausewitz, as in Clausewitz first book â€Å"Principles of War†, we can see the references and acknowledgements Clausewitz aimed towards Jomini (Handel). Both also shared a lot of similar concepts and terminologies which reflected on their acceptance of the others opinion. The fundamental Jomini theory related to warfare which lies in accordance with the theory proposed by Clausewitz was the concept of the centre of gravity.Both theorists shared the opinion that all armies have a central point where if they were attacked then the outcome would turn in favor of the attacker. Yet in due time Clausewitz began to think otherwise. His argument was that Jomini did not take into account the external variables which could not be calculated such as the m orals of the soldiers, the level of motivation, and other psychological factors. These arguments were however unjust as Jomini identified morale of the soldiers and other such concepts in his work the â€Å"Summary of the Art of War†.Yet this was published after Clausewitz’ death and were after Jomini had read â€Å"On War†. Relevance to Today’s World In truth the theories discussed by Jomini are more popularly enforced in today’s world rather than the works of Clausewitz which is in one way a disadvantage as war has become overly simplistic in nature not taking into account values and other humanistic factors. Becoming purely mathematical and artistic in nature has cost us humanity’s values. In today’s volatile environment we find coexistence between the two approaches.We can find instances where the Clausewitz approach is applied where wars are fought along the grounds of being righteous and to further humanistic elements (such as t he Afghan war and Iraq invasion), whereas other times we find the human element entirely lacking (the Turks and Kurd war). Both the theories are applicable as taking into account the Clausewitz belief that wars should be taken in context to the situation and not as a point in time, the theories adapted by leading strategists fall into a category which is a mixture of both the theorists views.References Bassford, C. (1993). Jomini And Clausewitz: Their Interaction. 23rd Meeting of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe . Georgia State University . Berton, P. (1988). Flames across the Border . Buscheni, J. (2000). Remember the Maine. 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